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Managing Photos on your Desktop Linux Installation

Over last few years there has been tremendous growth in Digital Photography , Digital Cameras are getting more affordable and powerful . Now with old film based cameras there wasnt a major problem in managing photos , get the negatives developed and stick your photos in the album . However this was limited you could not modify the photos( Assuming modifying dosent mean cutting and scribbling) and you were totally dependent on the Lab technician for quality of photo he developed. But all this has changed with advent of digital photography , today not only cameras are sophisticated allowing you to take perfect picture but there are software allowing you to manage and catalogue photos you take thus helping you manage your photos efficiently .

There are two major photo management software available on Linux

1.) F-Spot

2.) Google Picasa

While F-Spot is native Linux application written using mono libraries and actively supported by Novell, Google picasa is windows based application that run flawlessly on Linux using wine application layer .Here is low down of the two applications and how they compare with each other in features .

F-Spot : - F-Spot is a photo management software for Gnome Desktop environment in Linux , it has been created using C# language using Mono framework , it was started by Ettore Perazzoli and is now maintained by Larry Ewing . It is being developed by Novell , and inspite of being not a final stable 1.0 release it is packaged with a large number of Linux distributions including Mandriva,Ubuntu(Check) . F-Spot supports all major photographic image formats , including JPEG, PNG, TIFF, DNG and several vendor-specific RAW formats (CR2, PEF, ORF, SRF, CRW, MRW and RAF). Other supported file types are GIF, SVG and PPM. However, as of 2006, the RAW formats were not editable with F-Spot.

The Clean Default interface of F-Spot

The first thing that strikes you when you start using F-Spot is its clean simple interface , its interface is not jazzy as Google Picasa or iPhoto but simple enough to be usable . Now some would say comparison with Google Picasa is bit premature since it is still in early stage of development compared to Google Picasa which is mature final release , however it is powerful enough to be at least grouped with Google picasa and iPhoto .

On connecting camera dialog box asking to import all photos in camera into F-Spot

Since it is default application for Photo Management in many Linux distributions , so on connecting camera or photo stick one gets option of loading images into F-Spot library.

Timeline at top of F-Spot Interface

You Will notice there is a time-line at the top of interface ,somewhat similar to time-line you find in animation programs like flash which enables you to navigate through different frames . This is a innovative feature which really impressed me it shows total number of images in different months the greater the height of bar greater is the number of images in that month . The time-line can also be used to navigate through images of different months .

On selecting Import Source , dialog shows operation of adding images from source(USBDISK in this case) to F-Spot library

To add photos to F-Spot library chose (File->Import ) and select the folder you want to import , all the images in the folder are imported into F-Spot library and images are shown as thumbnail.

By default all the images imported into the F-Spot library are kept in $HOME/Photos (Photos directory in your home folder ) which is further subdivided into different months which is further divided into dates . All the photos taken on a particular date are grouped in same directory of that date .

F-Spot has a full-screen mode allowing you to view your photos on entire screen , There is also a slide show option which enables one to view all the images present in the F-Spot library as a slide-show (very similar to slide show of presentation programs) .

Meta Data dialog box showing information about image file

On choosing (View -> Meta Data Browser ) all kind of possible information about the image is shown . This can be particularly useful to some one into photography.

On Choosing a image you will find there is sliding bar at the bottom of a screen which allows you to conveniently zoom into or out of image .


F-Spot offers basic image editing features like Removing Red Eye , Cropping a selected area of image ,an interesting one - Converting Image to Black & White , Converting photos to sepia-tones adjusting colour , saturation hue , rotating image etc . However these image editing features are bit difficult to use and arent quite perfect you could use them for some light editing but i would recommend using Gimp for photo editing. Gimp has been around for quite some time and its features parallel those of photoshop and besides this it is free and comes preloaded with most Linux distributions .



Now besides organizing photos into different months and day , you can also organize photos using tags . Now by default F-Spot comes with four different tags ( Favorites , People , Hidden , Places ,Events ) you can also create more tags from (Tags -> Create tags) you can group one photo in more than on tag . Now i like this tag feature of organizing photo as this is like tags in blogs .You can tag different photos by dropping photos in the particular tag shown in the left side of screen or by dropping tags on photos .


Now besides organizing photos on the hard disk , you can also upload photos to Flickr which is an online photo library , Go to File -> Export -> upload to Flickr to upload photos to Flickr website .

Besides uploading photos to Flickr website you can also create a CD of your images by choosing File -> Export -> Export to CD option .Now F-Spot doesnt come with CD-Burning tool but uses Gnomes CD Burning tools to burn CD .

Overall F-Spot is a nice application that has a lot of potential , considering it is still in early version of development this is one application to look forward to , it is by no means perfect right now searching , image editing are some features that need a considerable amount of improvement but overall it is pretty usable .


Google Picasa : - Google Picasa is one of the more user friendly photo management software available , it is available on both Windows and Linux . It runs on Linux on top of Application Layer called Wine that allows Windows application to run on Linux . However this has some disadvantage firstly some windows application dont work as well as they do on windows , there are occasional application crashes, application freezes , also UI is bit less responsive however applications are still usable .

Anyways Google Picasa isnt shipped with most of the Linux distributions also you are unlikely to find it in repositories of various Linux distribution since it is a commercial close source product . Anyways you can get Google Picasa from the following website address : - http://picasa.google.com/linux . however it still in beta stage on Linux platform .

This is how Picasa Looks

The first thing that you notice when you run Google Picasa for first time is its user friendly interface ,its one of the better looking application thats available on Linux .The first time you start Picasa it asks for location where it should start looking for images and catalog them , now it offers only two option either to scan entire hard disk or only desktop , this is something which could be improved there should be another option of scanning particular folders instead of entire hard disk anyways after you specify one of the two options images are loaded into Picasa library .

Since Picasa is windows application running on Linux maybe because of this reason i found Picasa interface somewhat slow on my old laptop(Cel 1.4 GHz 256 Megabytes of ram ) now if you compare speed F-Spot beats Picasa hands down. Also the interface wasnt very responsive i had hell of a difficulty moving sidebars ():)

After the scanning, adding of images to library is over all the images along with folder they were contained in are shown in ascending order of date when they were created . All the images in the library are shown as thumbnail allowing easy browsing of images. Now one thing that was interesting was you could change the size of thumbnails ,by moving the slide bar at the bottom of interface , this is particularly useful if you have large amount of image files and you want to see maximum number of image files at once .

Picasa offers a number of image editing features like color enhancement , red eye reduction , cropping images to particular size etc . Now when you select a image you get a screen similar to this offering a variety of image enhancement features which you could use to improve quality of image .

After selecting a image you can easily zoom into or out of image using slide bar at bottom of interface

Basic Fixes has the following enhancements : -
Tuning provides the following options : -


Effects provide a number of different effects to modify the features of photo : -

Now large number of image editing features are available in Picasa and there shouldnt be any need for any external image editing program .

At the bottom of interface you would find buttons allowing you to easily Print , Blog ,Email ,Collage Photos there are number of other features which are not being documented here .

Picasa Make Collage Feature

Now i tried Blogthis button but to my dismay this feature didnt seem to work. However Print and Email photos did work well. I was pleasantly surprised to note that Picasa offered to Email photos using Gmail account apart from allowing using POP3 accounts and some Picasa Mail(Couldnt check it out) ,this can be really helpful for someone without a POP3 account(most of us) .

Picasa Email Feature

Besides all the image editing features , you can also view images in the library as slide show or screen saver .

A Slide-Show Session in Progress

Another nice feature of picasa was its ability to create AVI(Movie) file from images in the library , to create avi file first choose images you would like to assemble as movie file the go to (Create -> Movie ) you will find dialog box similar to this choose dealy time and Movie size and press ok to start creating movie file from images selected.


After pressing ok button you will find another dialog box similar to this asking for some other details on pressing "OK" movie of the images selected would be created. As mentioned before the movie created is in AVI Format .


Another great feature i really liked in Picasa was Export as Web Page feature , on selecting a group of images from the library and selecting Folder -> Export as Webpage or Pressing (Ctrl + W) you will get a couple of dialog boxes asking for how web page should look after completing these steps you would find all the images shown in the default web browser as web page which then could be uploaded .

Dialog box asking for image size in web page

Dialog box asking which template to use for web page(How web page should look)

Finally this is how web page of selected images looks

Overall Picasa is an extremely professional application for Photo Management that provides a host of impressive features ,it is availability of quality applications like picasa that encourages people to use Linux on desktop . However picasa is still a Windows application that runs on Linux using compatibility layer and so there are some minor issues with application stability and it would be really nice to see Google develop native version of Picasa for Linux .

Article written by Ambuj Varsney
(C) 2007, Ambuj Varshney
For Linux On Desktop Blog (http://linuxondesktop.blogspot.com)

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Malay Proverb Detection Implementation on Mobile Environment

This is the list of papers presented in the MobilCase 2012.
1st International Conference on Mobile Learning, Applications, and Services (mobilcase2012) – organised by UTEM, Malaysia.

Download the PDF version at –> http://www.scribd.com/doc/115258852/Malay-Proverb-Detection-Implementation-on-Mobile-Environment-MobilCase2012

Khirulnizam Abd Rahman, Norita Md Norwawi
Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
khirulnizam@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper is to describe the design and implementation of Malay proverbs (peribahasa) automated detection on mobile platform. Proverb is a unique feature of Malay language in which a message or advice is not communicated indirectly through metaphoric phrases. However, the use of proverb will cause confusion or misinterpretation if one does not familiar with the phrases since they cannot be translated literally, yet logically. Therefore, this application was developed to identify proverbs appear in Malay text and display their actual meaning from the dictionary. The recognition process is done using the look-ahead and regular-expression matching approach.

Keywords: proverb automated detection, proverb detection, pattern matching, and information retrieval.

I. INTRODUCTION

Proverbs (peribahasa) in Malay language are beautiful elements to deliver advices, Malay teachings, moral values and comparison through metaphoric phrases [9]. They are normally short, generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed and memorable form and which is handed down from generation to generation [5]. Although proverbs do beautifies Malay literature, however this brings challenges to machine translation since proverb cannot be translated literally, rather logically [4].

There are four categories of Malay proverbs (as described by Abdullah & Ainon [1]) which are simpulan bahasa, perumpamaan, bidalan and pepatah.

Simpulan bahasa – normally consist of two words. The literal meaning of the word combination is different than the actual meaning of the ‘simpulan bahasa’. Example: Langkah kanan; literally means right footstep, yet the actual meaning is lucky.

Perumpamaan – phrases started with seolah-olah, ibarat, bak, seperti, macam, bagai or laksana. Example: bagaikan pinang dibelah dua; literally means like betel nut split apart evenly, yet the actual meaning is compatible / equally beautiful and handsome for a pair of just married bride and bridegroom.

Pepatah – proverb that contains advices or teachings. Example: Adat berperang, yang kalah jadi abu, menang jadi arang; literally means in war, loser become ashes, winner become coal, yet the actual meaning is in war, the defeated and the winner are both losers.

Bidalan – phrases (pepatah) that started with jangan, biar or ingat. Example: Kalau kail panjang sejengkal, lautan dalam jangan diduga; literally means if you have a short hook, do not attempt to fish in the deep sea, yet the actual meaning is if you have little knowledge, do not dare to dream big.

Technically, simpulan bahasa contains two combined words, and the rest of the categories have more than two words. This number of words criteria is important in the identification process of proverbs.

II. PREVIOUS WORKS

Proverb is one category of multiword expressions (MWE). There’s a research by Rais et. al. [6] indexing the Malay MWE using combination of query translation approach and weighting schemes. The researchers stressed about having a good dictionary are crucial in multiword detection. However, there’s another work by Aiti et. al [2] suggesting several linguistic patterns in MWEs detection. Still the system needs to rely on 412,228 words of Malay corpus.

On other researches directly focusing on proverbs, Brahmaleen et. al. [3] suggested a method in identifying proverbs in Hindi text and translates them into Punjabi. The approach implemented is pattern matching. The machine has a dictionary to map the Hindi proverb and the equivalent proverb in Punjabi.

There is another research from ATMA, UKM whereby they are providing a searchable database of Malay proverbs and idioms [8]. The application receives a complete or a part of proverb/idioms, using the SQL pattern matching to search the list of the proverbs/idioms, and the outputs are all the proverbs/idioms that similar to the user’s request.

Dmitra [4] studied the METIS II translation engine which capable of translating several languages such as Dutch, German, Greek and Spanish into English. The pre-translation process involves tokenization, lemmatization, tagging and chunker. By using the existing METIS II facilities, she managed to embed an idioms translation tool for Germany into English. However, the proverb detection is using the syntactic matching rules approach which is not to be elaborated in this paper.

III. THE DESIGN

The researchers decided to experiment with the combination of look-ahead and regular-expression matching approach approach. By using these approaches, the Malay input text will be tokenized and compared to the proverb database. The searching process is done by combining a token to the next one. This combination of tokens is then searched in the proverb database. The output is the list of proverb detected in the input text, with the meaning of each proverb. The processes are summarized in the Figure 1.

The database consists of 3000 Malay proverbs, resides in the phone itself. This is to minimize bandwidth consumption and also for faster result display. A simple approach is used to identify simpulan bahasa; it is formed by two combined words (Algorithm 1). As for the rest of the Malay proverbs, the Algorithm 2 is implemented. These algorithms are implemented in the proverb detection module of the application, after tokenization (Figure 1).

Algorithm 1: To detect simpulan bahasa.

Algorithm 2: To detect other proverb (other than simpulan bahasa).

Figure 1. Implementation of Malay proverb identification using pattern matching approach.

IV. DISCUSSIONS

These are several challenges in identifying Malay proverbs in text using pattern matching;

a) Word with affixes – Example: “Kembang sayap” = “Mengembangkan sayap” (spread your wings).

b) Another word in between (stopword)

Example: “berpijak di bumi nyata” or sometimes “berpijak di bumi yang nyata” which means “do not day-dreaming”.

The researchers found out that by using simple pattern matching, it failed to detect proverbs that have the aforementioned problems.

Another challenge is to determine the right meaning for proverb that has ambiguous meaning – the same proverbs may have more than one meaning [8]. However in this experiment, all meanings are listed for proverb with ambiguous meaning. For example;

— “mata air” means 1) lover, or 2) underground water resource.

— “orang putih” means 1) pious man, or 2) European (white) people.

— “air muka” means 1) face, 2) pride.

— “bawa diri” means 1) running away, 2) sulking, 3) being independent.

— “bagai cicak makan kapur” means 1) ashamed because of his own offense, 2) pleased.

— “ada air adalah ikan” means 1) there must be people in a country, 2) fortune is everywhere.

V. CONCLUSIONS

Brief testing and observation has been done to the result of this application. The researchers concluded that there are much more to be improved, including introducing another approach. One of the approaches to be studied is the syntactic matching rules proposed by Dmitra [4] for detecting Germany idioms.

This Malay proverb identifier is a prototype to experiment with the pattern matching approach on mobile platform. Though it is still in experimentation stage, the researchers hope that it could contribute to the public by facilitating the new Malay language learner. The application mentioned is available currently for Android platform at http://bit.ly/pbahasa .

VI. REFERENCES

[1] Abdullah Hassan and Ainon Mohd. 2011. Kamus Peribahasa Kontemporari, Edisi Ketiga. PTS Professional Publishing.

[2] Aiti Aw, Sharifah Mahani Aljunied and Haizhou Li. 2009. Malay Multi-word Expression Translation. Second Workshop on Technologies and Corpora for Asia-Pacific Speech Translation (TCAST 2009), Suntec, Singapore.

[3] Brahmaleen K. Sidhu, Arjan Singh and Vishal Goyal. 2010. Identification of Proverbs in Hindi Text Corpus and their Translation into Punjabi. Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 1, July 2010.

[4] Dmitra Anastasiou. 2010. PhD Thesis, Universitat des Saarlandes. Unpublished.

[5] Mieder, Wolfgang. 2003. Proverbs are Never out of Season. Popular Wisdom in the Modern Age. New York: Oxford University Press.

[6] N.H. Rais, M.T. Abdullah & R.A Kadir, 2011. Multiword Phrases Indexing for Malay-English Cross Language Information Retrieval, Information Technology Journal, 2011.

[7] S.A. Noah and F. Ismail. 2008. Automatic Classifications of Malay Proverbs Using Naive Bayesian Algorithm. Information Technology Journal, 2008.

[8] Supyan Hussin, Ding Choo Ming, Afendi Hamat & Arba’eyah Abdul Rahman. 2004. Kamus Peribahasa Melayu Digital yang Pertama. Sari 22 (2004), 49-61.

[9] Susana Widyastuti. 2010. Peribahasa: Cerminan Kepribadian Budaya Lokal Dan Penerapannya Di masa Kini. Proceeding of Seminar Nasional UTY 3 Juli 2010.

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